季节性流感对全球公共卫生构成持续性威胁，尤其对老年人、儿童、孕妇、慢性病患者及免疫缺陷者等高风险人群造成显著疾病负担。现有流感疫苗的效力虽受当季流行毒株匹配度影响，但对高风险人群的保护效益已获循证支持。当前，我国流感疫苗免疫接种率远低于发达国家，亟需通过政策支持与新技术开发进一步提升高风险人群的疫苗接种率，减轻流感疾病负担。此文系统综述了流感疫苗在高风险人群中的保护证据，重点探讨了灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗、重组蛋白疫苗及佐剂疫苗等不同类型疫苗在高风险人群中的有效性及适用性，同时分析了重复接种效果、群体免疫作用及接种策略优化，为提升高风险人群保护效果提供参考。

Seasonal influenza poses a persistent threat to global public health, imposing a significant disease burden particularly on high-risk population such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, chronic diseases patients, and immunocompromised people. Although the effectiveness of existing influenza vaccines is contingent on their match with circulating strains, their protective benefits for high-risk population are well-supported by epidemiological evidence. Currently, influenza vaccination coverage in China remains considerably lower than developed countries. There is an urgent need to enhance vaccination rates among high-risk population through policy support and technological innovation to reduce the disease burden of influenza. This article systematically reviews the protective evidence of influenza vaccines in high-risk population, focusing on the effectiveness and applicability of different vaccine types (inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant protein, and adjuvanted vaccines) in the high-risk population. It also examines the effects of repeated vaccination, the role of herd immunity, and the optimization of vaccination strategies, providing references to improve protection in high-risk population.