目的 调查宣城市水痘流行特征及突破病例情况，为疫情防控提供依据。方法 通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统水痘疫情报告卡收集宣城市2021—2023年水痘病例信息，采用描述流行病学方法分析流行病学特征。结果 2021—2023年，宣城市共报告水痘病例6 979例，年均报告发病率93.44/10万（χ²=122.80，P＜0.001）。水痘发病具有显著的季节性，每年5—7月为发病小高峰，10月至次年1月达到最高峰。年均发病率居前3位的县（市）依次为绩溪县、宁国市、泾县。男性发病人数略高于女性；发病年龄以14岁以下为主；职业以学生及托幼儿童为主。 突破病例2 652例，占总病例的38.00%。男性突破病例多于女性，秋季突破病例占比最高。在接种疫苗后的11年内，距离接种时间越长，突破病例越多。聚集性疫情中的突破病例占关联病例的68.45%，明显高于散发病例中的突破病例占比。突破病例以7～13岁学生为主。结论 宣城市水痘发病率有上升的趋势，学校及托幼机构是水痘疫情防控的重点场所；应防止聚集疫情发生，提高2剂次水痘疫苗接种，减少突破病例发生。CDC应加强疫情监测，做好疫情报告审核，针对性开展培训和健康宣教，建立有效的免疫屏障，以降低水痘发病。

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and breakthrough cases of varicella in Xuancheng City, and provide a basis for epidemic prevention and control.Methods The information of varicella cases in Xuancheng City from 2021 to 2023 was collected through the varicella epidemic report card of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the epidemiological characteristics were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.Results A total of 6 979 varicella cases were reported in Xuancheng City from 2021 to 2023, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 93.44 per 100 000 (χ²=122.80, P＜0.001). The incidence of varicella had significant seasonality, with a small peak from May to July and the highest peak from October to January of the following year. The three counties (cities) with highest average annual incidence rates were Jixi County, Ningguo City, and Jingxian County.The number of male cases was slightly higher than that of female cases, the age of onset was mainly under 14, and occupations were mainly students and kindergarteners.There were 2 652 breakthrough cases, accounting for 38.00% of the total cases. There were more breakthrough cases in males than in females, and the proportion of breakthrough cases in autumn was the largest. In 11 years after vaccination, longer time since vaccination was associated with more breakthrough cases.Breakthrough cases in clustered epidemic accounted for 68.45% of related cases, significantly higher than that in sporadic cases. Breakthrough cases were mainly students aged 7-13.Conclusions The incidence of varicella in Xuancheng City is on the rise, and schools and kindergartens are the key places for the prevention and control of varicella. It is nessesary to prevent the occurrence of cluster epidemic, increase 2-dose varicella vaccination, and reduce the occurrence of breakthrough cases. CDC should strengthen epidemic monitoring, review epidemic report, carry out targeted training and health education, and establish effective immune barriers to reduce the incidence of varicella.