病毒检测技术可根据原理不同分为电子显微镜（电镜）观察、细胞培养、免疫学方法、核酸检测等。电镜观察法具有超高的分辨率可直接观测到病毒结构，适用于对新现未知病毒的研究；细胞培养法可直观地得到病毒活力信息，可用于病毒滴度的检测；免疫学方法特异性强且成本低、速度快，适用于大规模的群体筛查；核酸检测灵敏度高、特异性更强，且允许同时检测多种病毒。研究者需要在方法的选择上需要做出权衡。此文论述不同病毒检测方法的优缺点，并讨论其适用情况，以为制定更准确、高效的病毒检测和防控策略提供参考。

According to difference of principle, virus detection methods can be divided into electron microscope method, cell culture method, immunoassay, nucleic acid testing, etc. Electron microscope method with a high resolution can show the structure of the viruses directly, which is suitable for the study of unknown virus. Cell culture methods can obtain the virus activity and detect virus titers. Immunoassay has strong specificity, low cost, and high speed, which is suitable for large-scale population screening. Nucleic acid detection methods allow simultaneous detection of multiple viruses with high sensitivity and strong specificity. Researchers should make a trade-off in the choice of method. This article discusses advantages and disadvantages of virus detection methods and applications, to provide reference for development of more accurate and efficient virus detection, prevention and control strategies.