甲型流感病毒基质蛋白2胞外功能区（matrix protein 2 ectodomain，M2e）通用疫苗的确切保护机制尚未明确，但其能减轻流感症状，抑制病毒的复制、存活和传播。通过使用M2e四聚体通用疫苗、M2e病毒样颗粒疫苗以及M2e多表位通用疫苗联合佐剂等，可提高保护效果，未来具有较大应用价值。此文通过收集相关文献资料、结合临床实践以及相关动物试验等，综述甲型流感病毒M2e通用疫苗的研究现状、免疫机制及其特点，以期为相关研究提供理论基础。

The exact protection mechanism of the universal vaccine against influenza A virus matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) is not yet clear, but it can reduce influenza symptoms and inhibit virus replication, survival and transmission. Moreover, the actual protection effect can be improved by using M2e tetrameric universal vaccine, M2e virus-like particle vaccine and M2e multi-epitope universal vaccine combined with adjuvant, which have great value for future application. This paper reviews the research status, immune mechanism, and characteristics of influenza A virus M2e universal vaccines by collecting relevant literature as well as combining with clinical practice and relevant animal experiments, in order to provide a theoretical basis for related research.