新型冠状病毒肺炎大流行在全球范围内造成严重的公共卫生危机。为预防新型冠状病毒（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2，SARS-CoV-2）对健康带来的不利影响，不同类型、不同生产工艺的SARS-CoV-2疫苗相继被研发，包括减毒活疫苗、核酸疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、灭活疫苗和重组蛋白疫苗等，而病毒表面的刺突蛋白是SARS-CoV-2疫苗的研究热点。此文主要介绍SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白的结构、功能与免疫学特性，以及SARS-CoV-2疫苗的研究情况、安全性、适用性等，并讨论潜在问题解决措施。

COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe public health crisis worldwide. To prevent the adverse health effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on people in various countries, different types and production processes of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, including live attenuated, nucleic acid, virus vectored, inactivated and recombinant protein vaccines, primarily focusing on viral surface spike protein, have been successively developed. This review describes the structure, function and immunological properties of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, as well as the research status, safety and applicability of spike protein-related SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and discusses solutions for potential issues.