壳聚糖是一种有效的黏膜疫苗佐剂和递送载体，但因其水溶性差，应用受到一定限制。通过对壳聚糖进行不同的化学修饰可得到各类壳聚糖衍生物，这些衍生物不仅溶解性较好，而且保持了壳聚糖良好的生物相容性、生物降解性、免疫刺激活性等优势，为黏膜疫苗，尤其是经口、鼻途径递送的疫苗提供了新型候选佐剂和递送载体。此文对修饰壳聚糖的主要方法以及其衍生物在口鼻黏膜疫苗中的应用做一综述。

Chitosan is an effective mucosal vaccine adjuvant and delivery carrier, but its application has been limited by poor water solubility. Through multiple chemical modifications, chitosan can turn into various derivatives that gain better solubility than chitosan yet retain its advantage such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and immunostimulatory activity, making chitosan derivative a new candidate for mucosal vaccine adjuvant and delivery carrier, especially for administration via nasal or oral route. This review focuses on main modification methods of chitosan and application of chitosan derivatives in oral and nasal mucosal vaccines.