许多佐剂具有炎症特性，缺乏特异性，并且具有毒性，因而其应用受到了限制。近年来，随着免疫学的发展，出现了大量潜在的新型佐剂，它们能以更加可控和特异的方式调节免疫应答，这将对现行及今后的疫苗策略产生重要影响。此文对于能靶向细胞、受体或信号通路等特定免疫组分的候选佐剂做一综述。

 Many adjuvants have inflammatory properties and toxicity, and lack specificity, so their use is limited. However, recent advances in immunology have resulted in a number of potential adjuvants. They can modulate the immune response in a more controlled and specific manner and have important influence on vaccine strategies in the present and future. In this article, we review several adjuvant candidates that target specific immune components, such as cells, receptors or signaling pathways.