脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）是一种古老的疾病，由脊灰病毒引起，可导致不可逆残疾等严重机体损害，甚至死亡。自20世纪50年代口服脊灰减毒活疫苗问世以来，全世界脊灰的发病和流行得到有效控制，但仍未彻底消灭脊灰。2009年后，针对阿富汗、印度、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦等国家的脊灰流行特点，世界卫生组织（WHO）建议使用两价（Ⅰ+Ⅲ型）口服脊灰减毒活疫苗，这标志着消灭脊灰有了新工具。

 Poliomyelitis is an ancient disease caused by poliovirus, and can result in serious body damage, such as irreversible disability, or even death. Since oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) was developed successfully in 1950s, occurrence and prevalence of poliomyelitis have been controlled effectively over the world. However, eradication of poliomyelitis has not yet been achieved. Facing the epidemic characteristics in Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, Pakistan and other countries, WHO recommended to use bivalent ( typeⅠ+Ⅲ) OPV after 2009. This marks a new tool to eradicate poliomyelitis.