某些有荚膜的细菌，如b型流感嗜血杆菌、脑膜炎球菌和肺炎链球菌，其荚膜多糖可以开发成疫苗，但对儿童的免疫原性低，只有短期保护作用。多糖与蛋白质结合成为结合疫苗可以部分改善多糖疫苗的缺陷。此文回顾了对结合和非结合的多糖类疫苗的免疫应答研究进展，特别是关于人体对这些疫苗的异常应答的研究，以了解对多糖类疫苗的应答机制，从而有助于解决多糖类疫苗的低效和异常应答问题。

 Vaccines can be developed from capsular polysaccharides of some encapsulated bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. But these vaccines have low immunogenicity and can only provide short-term protection in young children. These disadvantages can be improved by polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. In this review, advances in the research of immune responses to conjugated and non-conjugated polysaccharide vaccines are discussed, andspecial attention is paid to abnormal responses following the use of such vaccines. Understanding of the mechanisms of such immune responses will help to solve the existing problems of polysaccharide vaccines.