Vaccines are the most economical and effective means to prevent and control infectious diseases. Vaccination is a conventional method to prevent and control human and animal diseases by inducing the body to produce a protective immune response. Facing current major, complex, emerging, and highly variable pathogens, traditional vaccinology methods are challenging to meet the needs. Novel vaccine technology is a favorable weapon to deal with future global health challenges. Future vaccine technology should focus on being more reasonable, precise, and efficient, ensuring safety, and maximizing vaccine potency. This review summarizes the recent progress of vaccine technology and points out the future development trend, which is conducive to enhancing the consensus on the exploration and active defense of unknown pathogens, and then promoting innovative vaccine technology systems.